Summative assessments evaluate learning at the end of a unit, course, or instructional period. While typically used to gauge final outcomes, these assessments can also serve formative purposes, ...

In the post-COVID pandemic educational setting, assessment offers ways to gain crucial insights into student thinking and learning and the areas requiring support for progress toward learning goals.

This chapter discusses the relationships between formative and summative assessments—both in the classroom and externally. In addition to teachers, site-and district-level administrators and decision ...

Assessment, traditionally used by individual teachers to monitor student learning and to provide a basis for assigning grades, has always been a critical component of the education system (Glaser and ...

Students often draw upon a diverse set of prior understanding and experiences when attempting to explain phenomena. Formative assessment allows teachers to better understand students’ alternative ...